基于磁混凝沉淀工艺的高浓度非稳态含磷废水处理效能与调控机制研究
赵安然1，高熙阳2，李宁2，马洪璐3，陈北洋1*
（1. 华电水务科技股份有限公司，北京；2. 华电水务秦皇岛有限公司，秦皇岛；3. 华电水务（天津）有限公司，天津）
摘要：针对某市政污水处理厂进水中工业废水占比高、总磷浓度波动大（1-23 mg/L）的突出问题，本研究构建深度处理强化除磷系统，采用“平流式二沉池+一体化集成式磁混凝沉淀系统”技术路线，通过优化磁粉、混凝剂及助凝剂的投加量，实现了出水总磷稳定达到0.3 mg/L以下，优于设计出水标准（0.5 mg/L）。运行结果表明，该工艺对高浓度非稳态含磷废水具有显著处理效果，总磷去除率提升10%以上，具有抗冲击负荷能力强（可承受1.5倍设计流量）、占地面积小（较常规工艺减少40%）、启动快（调试周期≤7天）等技术优势。经济效益分析显示，系统的单位水处理成本大约为0.2元/m³。其中，药剂费用为0.158元/m³，较传统工艺的药剂成本降低60%；电耗费用约为0.05元/m³。本研究系统阐述了工艺设计参数、改造方案及调试要点，创新性地采用SV泥位自动检测仪实现精准控制，解决了传统超声波污泥界面计运行不稳定的问题。研究成果为污水处理厂提标改造提供了技术参考，对推动污水处理行业减污降碳协同增效具有积极意义。
关键词：磁混凝沉淀、高浓度含磷废水、非稳态进水、除磷效能、模块化集成、
运行调控、污水处理
Abstract: In response to the prominent issues of high industrial wastewater proportion and significant fluctuations in total phosphorus (TP) concentration (1-23 mg/L) in the influent of a municipal wastewater treatment plant, this study constructed an advanced treatment system for enhanced phosphorus removal. The technical approach of "horizontal flow secondary sedimentation tank + integrated magnetic coagulation sedimentation system" was adopted. By optimizing the dosage of magnetic powder, coagulant , and flocculant , the effluent TP was consistently maintained below 0.3 mg/L, surpassing the designed effluent standard (0.5 mg/L). Operational results demonstrate that this process exhibits remarkable treatment efficiency for high-concentration non-steady-state phosphorus-containing wastewater, with a total phosphorus removal rate improvement exceeding 10%. The system demonstrates technical advantages including strong resistance to shock loads (capable of withstanding 1.5 times the design flow rate), compact footprint (40% reduction compared to conventional processes), and rapid start-up (commissioning period ≤ 7 days). Economic analysis indicates that the unit water treatment cost of the system is approximately 0.2 CNY/m³. Specifically, chemical costs amount to 0.158 CNY/m³, representing a 60% reduction compared to traditional processes, while electricity consumption costs are around 0.05 CNY/m³. This study systematically elaborates on process design parameters, retrofit solutions, and commissioning essentials, innovatively employing SV sludge level detectors for precise control, effectively addressing the operational instability issues of traditional ultrasonic sludge interface detectors. The research outcomes provide technical references for wastewater treatment plant upgrade projects and contribute positively to promoting synergistic effects of pollution reduction and carbon mitigation in the wastewater treatment industry.
Key words: Magnetic coagulation sedimentation, High-concentration phosphorus-containing wastewater, Non-steady-state influent, Phosphorus removal efficiency, Modular integration, Commissioning, Wastewater treatment
0 引言
随着我国工业化和城市化的快速推进，全国污水排放量增速迅猛。根据我国住房城乡建设部发布的《2023年中国城市建设状况公报》及《2023年城市建设统计年鉴》，截至2023年底，我国城市污水排放总量达到了660.5亿立方米，污水处理总量达到了651.9亿立方米，污水处理率高达98.69%。在2018-2023年期间，污水排放总量和污水处理总量年均增长率分别为4.6%和5.3%[1]。在污水排放中，过量的磷元素是引发水体富营养化的关键因素之一，严重威胁着生态系统的稳定性和水资源的可持续利用。《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》（GB 18918-2002）标准在全国广泛执行，其中一级A标准规定的污水处理厂出水总磷浓度排放限值为0.5mg/L。部分经济相对发达且对生态环境期望值高的地区，结合区域水环境特征，制定并执行了更为严格的排放标准，对出水总磷的管控日益严格。例如，北京市地方标准《城镇污水处理厂水污染物排放标准》（DB11/890-2012）中A标准规定，新（改、扩）建城镇污水处理厂出水总磷不得超过0.2mg/L；天津市地方标准《污水综合排放标准》（DB11/356-2018）则规定，一级标准的出水总磷需低于0.3mg/L。
