神奇的污泥魔法 ——美国503污泥处置法规背后的故事 (三)
(2013-01-18 15:25:42)
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8、污泥有益健康论
费城的污泥处置计划经理William Toffey有过一段十分慷慨激昂的说辞：暴露于污泥中对你的健康有好处。科学证明所谓“卫生假说”即过去所说的“清洁儿童综合症”是有道理的，我们的年轻人要是不接触污物和粪便，身体就不会产生保护我们免受过敏原和毒素攻击的免疫反应，如果这孩子太干净了，过敏、哮喘和癌症的发生率会更高。我相信的理论是：如果污泥杀不死你，只会让你更强壮。……
说这话，首先是承认了污泥是脏东西，会带来污染，但503的神奇之处在于，这污染还对你的健康有利。一句话：环境污染无害。如此奇谈怪论，我本来以为只有中国能听到的。就像有人说常吃毒胶囊、三鹿粉、瘦肉精、地沟油、一滴香、镉大米、石蜡锅、药火腿、双氧翅、陈化粮、增稠蜜、红心蛋、糖精枣、铝馒头、硫银耳、苏丹红、甲醇酒、纸腐竹、硫磺椒、毒米线、避孕鳝……能百毒不侵一样！
有句老话说：黄鼠狼专咬病鸭子。能够处置污泥的地方一定不会在发达的高等社区，就像地沟油也不会进入特供商店一样。令人感到悲哀的是，弱势群体总是牺牲者。
9、中国是否要学习美国
一个不得不问的问题是，中国如果也制定一部类似的503，情况会怎样？
可以先不管我国工业发展水平方面的差距，可以忽略我国高能耗、高污染工业的比例高所带来的污泥中污染物浓度高的问题，也可以忽略我国因人口多，市政污泥发生总量比美国多的问题。仅从人口与土地面积方面考虑，这样做的风险如何呢？
|
|
单位 |
中国 |
美国 |
|
2011年可耕地面积 |
万平方公里 |
121.7 |
237.6 |
|
2011乡村人口 |
亿 |
6.6 |
0.5 |
|
人均耕地面积 |
亩/人 |
1.3 |
11.4 |
|
乡村人口平均耕地面积 |
亩/人 |
2.8 |
69.7 |
|
美国人均耕地占有是中国人的倍数 |
|
|
8.6 |
|
美国乡村人口占有耕地是中国农村人口的倍数 |
|
|
25.1 |
如果如美国所发生的情况一样，因施用污泥而造成土地污染继而引起周边居民的疫病流行，中国的风险将是美国的数十倍乃至数百倍，因为一些农村的人均耕地连全国乡村人口平均耕地面积的十分之一都不到。
三、结语
水往低处流。由于土地施用的闸口比焚烧、填埋低得多，因此美国503法规事实上是污泥土地施用的代名词。
503的操盘手主要是两个人：EPA OW水办的Dr. Alan Rubin，USDA农业部的Dr. Rufus Chaney。EPA和USDA的“精诚合作”，才有了503的出台。
一个倾倒到水体里对水体有害，焚烧产生烟气会对空气有害的物质，如何到了土壤里就全都如泥牛入海，彻底消失了呢？这是一个常识问题，不是运用数学工具就可以归零掉的。对此，Rubin博士的说法是：这就是“污泥魔法”(“Sludge Magic”)。
国内同仁有的已经注意到503存在反对意见（余杰等《污泥农用在我国污泥处置中的应用前景分析》），但专家舆论总体上还是赞成污泥农用、园林绿化的。
早有读者注意到，迄今为止笔者一直避免谈论堆肥，这是因为我觉得堆肥只是土地施用的一种前处理技术，谈论堆肥不可能不谈土壤安全问题，而这是一个非常复杂而严肃的题目。我一向赞同业内同行提出的有机物还田、长期使用化肥可能导致土壤板结、推荐自然生态循环等命题。但读了这么多有关美国503法规的文献后，更觉得审慎是必要的，毕竟中国不像美国，因人口密度问题，我们所面临的风险要大得多。
在迟迟拿不出一部“中国版”503这个问题上，农业部以它的“不作为”无疑倒是做了一件好事。农业部未必不想“开闸放水”，但污灌所造成大量农田损害已是不争的事实，农业部1992、2005两次提高污灌标准，想来是事出有因的。
欧盟个别国家已对污泥土地施用采取了禁止的政策，如比利时、卢森堡、挪威和瑞士。对此，我觉得中国也未必需要照搬，毕竟中国有着广大的未受工业污染的小城市和乡镇。
污泥的土地利用控制指标到底应该怎样？其实可以做这样一个简单比喻：如果按照国标的食用成品油9项指标来评测，地沟油绝对是合格产品。地沟油至今毕竟也没有“可被科学证实对人体产生危害的案例被记录”。但为什么消费者对地沟油深恶痛绝，在感情上难以接受呢？这应该是常识，而非标准的问题。
503之“过”在于，它采用为污泥改名和颁布一套貌似科学实则明修栈道、暗渡陈仓的“标准限值”，想让公众相信它是彻底无害和安全的，而没有采取实事求是、负责的态度告知公众特别是消费者其风险，从而给环境和少数居民带来不可逆转的伤害。
套用证监会和证劵公司撇清责任的一句名言，“股市有风险，投资需谨慎”。谁都知道有风险，但入市的股民还是那么多，原因在于大家都有自己的判断，投资者自己一定是看好这个赚钱机会的。污泥处置也一样，但这话可能应改成“土地施用有风险，政策制定需谨慎”比较合适。政策如果错了，退可就退不回来了。成百万公顷被污染的土地如何治理，谁来治理，这可是连美国人都不敢想象的事情。美国EPA之所以使用种种不堪手段来捍卫503，想来就是为此。成立专门的救火队，扣押不利的研究结果和论文，与利益集团合力打压反对者和不同的声音，伪造数据，大搞御用伪科学研究，这些似乎已经大大超越了其政府职能。
关于503的研究当然还应该深入下去，相信真相自明，大家都会有自己独立的判断。
泥客庄主
2012年8月20日至9月14日
【后记】
本文写作花了不少时间，看了好几本书，几百篇论文，查阅的资料无数。写完了，心情也久久平静不下来。最大的感慨是，真正的有良心的环保研究者原来也都是弱势群体！
在博客版中，我将列出一个详细的参考书目，建议读者自行研究一下。如果你认可本文的分析和观点，应该对那些遭受污染伤害而失去健康甚至生命的人们表示同情，为那些坚持真理进行严肃研究而拒绝充当御用工具的研究者们表示敬意（当然，自己今后也别搞什么“自主”的假发明、假课题、假论文了）。在我心目中这两位是美国环保界的真正英雄：David L. Lewis, Hugh Kaufman.
【主要参考文献】
法规及相关审查类
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诉讼相关类
The Gatekeepers - A Summary of Court Records in Civil Actions Filed (2007-2011) （Hallman & Wingate, LLC律师事务所编辑作为呈堂证供的David L. Lewis, Ph.D. , R.A. McElmurray, III and G. William Boyce民事诉讼案事实记录）
Deadly Deceit - Our Children at Risk from Sewage Sludge – Biosolids （由James W. Bynum等编辑的有关美国污泥土地施用造成健康伤害的网络版资料）
Congressional Testimony of Attorney F. Edwin Hallman, JR. （2004年12月14日国会听证的证词）
List of Organizations against Biosolids（2008年4月10日国会听证68个附签反对组织名单）
McElmurray Testimony in Senate （2008年09月11日在参议院环境与公共工程委员会听证会上的证词）
Environmental Resources & Engery Committee Hearing on Sewage Sludge Testimony of Robert A. (Andy) McElmurray, III.（2009年12月16日在众议院环境能源委员会听证会上的证词）
North District Georgia Atlanta Division Court Order on McElmurray v Augusta County（2006年11月30日）
Middle District Georgia District Court Athens Division Order on Lewis v. Guskin（2007年09月14日）
Court of Appeals Eleventh Circuit Order on McElmurray v Augusta Richmond County（2007年10月01日）
Southern District Georgia Court Augusta Division Order on McElmurray v USDA（2008年02月25日）
Middle District of Georgia Athens Division Compel Motion on Lewis v Gaskin（2009年8月21日）
Relators' Response in Opposition to UGA Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment on Lewis v Gaskin（2009年10月30日）
Defendants' Reply in Support of Its Motion for Summary Judgment on Lewis v Gaskin（2009年11月13日）
Professor_Albert_Page_Declaration（Tulare高级法院2011年9月洛杉矶市起诉克恩县案证人证词）
Professor_Charles_Gerba_Declaration（同上）
Professor_Ian_Pepper_Declaration（同上）
科技期刊文献
以下为国际科技期刊上发表的有关污泥土地施用可能产生环境健康影响的研究文献。因文件名太长和数量太多，不列作者和期刊卷期，应不影响查找。
A critical review of the U.S. EPA’s risk assessment for the land application of sewage sludge
A High-Level Disinfection Standard for Land-Applied Sewage Sludges (Biosolids)
A Mass Balance of Tri-Hexabrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Lactating Cows
Absorption and translocation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) by plants from contaminated sewage sludge
Adsorption of bisphenol-A, 17b-estradiole and 17a-ethinylestradiole to sewage sludge
Aldrin and Dieldrin_ A Review of Research on Their Production, Environmental Deposition and Fate, Bioaccumulation, Toxicology, and Epidemiology in US
An Inventory of Sources and Environmental Releases of Dioxin-Like Compounds in the United States for the Years 1987, 1995, and 2000
Bioaccumulation of Pharmaceuticals and Other Anthropogenic Waste Indicators in Earthworms from Agricultural Soil Amended With Biosolid or Swine Manure
Cellular and Hormonal Disruption of Fetal Testis Development in Sheep Reared on Pasture Treated with Sewage Sludge
Comparison of two extraction methods for the analysis of per- and polyfluorinated chemicals in digested sewage sludge
Detection of the antimicrobials triclocarban and triclosan in agricultural soils following land application of municipal biosolids
Determination of Fluoroquinolone Antibacterial Agents in Sewage Sludge and Sludge-Treated Soil Using Accelerated Solvent Extraction
Determination of Pharmaceuticals in Biosolids using Accelerated Solvent Extraction and Liquid Chromatography_Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Determination of the persistence of pharmaceuticals in biosolids using liquid-chromatography tandem mass spectrometry
Dioxin Photoproducts of Triclosan and Its Chlorinated Derivatives in Sediment Cores
Discovery and Characterization of Silver Sulfide Nanoparticles in Final Sewage Sludge Products
Effect of sewage sludges contaminated with polybrominated diphenylethers on agricultural soils
Emission Rates and Characterization of Aerosols Produced During the Spreading of Dewatered Class B Biosolids
Environmental Exposure Assessment of Fluoroquinolone Antibacterial Agents from Sewage to Soil
Environmental Exposure Of Aquatic And Terrestrial Biota To Triclosan And Triclocarban
Evidence for Bioavailability of Au Nanoparticles from Soil and Biodistribution within Earthworms (Eisenia fetida)
Evidence for Biomagnification of Gold Nanoparticles within a Terrestrial Food Chain
Evidence of Debromination of Decabromodiphenyl Ether (BDE-209) in Biota from a Wastewater Receiving Stream
Exposure to a Complex Cocktail of Environmental Endocrine-Disrupting Compounds Disturbs the Kisspeptin_GPR54 System in Ovine Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
Flame-Retardants and Other Organohalogens Detected in Sewage Sludge by Electron Capture Negative Ion Mass Spectrometry
Have Risks Associated with the Presence of Synthetic Organic Contaminants in Land-Applied Sewage Sludges Been Adequately Addressed
Health Survey of Residents Living Near Farm Fields Permitted to Receive Biosolids
Household Disposal of Pharmaceuticals as a Pathway for Aquatic Contamination in the United Kingdom
Impact of sewage sludge conditioning and dewatering on the fate of nonylphenol in sludge-amended soils
Impacts of Climate Change on Indirect Human Exposure to Pathogens and Chemicals from Agriculture
Interactions of Pathogens and Irritant Chemicals In Land-Applied Sewage Sludges (Biosolids)
Investigation of Alleged Health Incidents Associated With Land Application Of Sewage Sludges
Measurement of flame retardants and triclosan in municipal sewage sludge and biosolids
Measurement Strategies for the Determination of Airborne Bacterial Endotoxin in Sewage Treatment Plants
Nanomaterials - Transformation of Silver Nanoparticles in Sewage Sludge
Nanoparticle Silver Released into Water from Commercially Available Sock Fabrics
Nanowastes and the environment_ Potential new waste management paradigm
Occurrence and fate of endocrine disrupters in Greek sewage treatment plants
Occurrence and Fate of Perfluorochemicals in Soil Following the Land Application of Municipal Biosolids
Occurrence and loss over three years of 72 pharmaceuticals and personal care products from biosolidsesoil mixtures in outdoor mesocosms
Occurrence, partition and removal of pharmaceuticals in sewage water and sludge during wastewater treatment
Organic Chemicals in Sewage Sludges
Organic Contaminants of Emerging Concern in Land-Applied Sewage Sludge (Biosolids)
Organophosphorus Flame Retardants and Plasticizers in Swedish Sewage Treatment Plants
Partitioning, Persistence, and Accumulation in Digested Sludge of the Topical Antiseptic Triclocarban during Wastewater Treatment
Persistence of Pathogenic Prion Protein during Simulated Wastewater Treatment Processes
Persistent pollutants in land applied sludges
Pharmaceutical compounds in the wastewater process stream in Northwest Ohio
Pharmaceuticals and personal care products in archived U.S. biosolids from the 2001 EPA national sewage sludge survey
Pharmaceuticals, hormones, and other organic wastewater contaminants in U.S. streams, 1999–2000_ a national reconnaissance
Plasticizers and their degradation products in the process streams of a large urban physicochemical sewage treatment plant
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polybrominated biphenyls in Australian Sewage Sludge
Potential for Increased Human Foodborne Exposure to PCDD_F When Recycling Sewage Sludge on Agricultural Land
Primary Prevention Of Chemical Contamination
Public officials' perspectives on tracking and investigating symptoms reported near sewage sludge land application sites
Raking through sludge exposes stink_ Environmental Protection Agency scientists accused of fabricating data about health effects of fertilizer
Regulating the Fate of Pharmaceutical Drugs_ A New Prescription for the Environment
Removal of Oxide Nanoparticles in a Model Wastewater Treatment Plant_ Influence of Agglomeration and Surfactants on Clearing Efficiency
Screening the Environmental Fate of Organic Contaminants in Sewage Sludges Applied to Agricultural Soils
Sewage Sludge - Looking Upstream_ The Precautionary Principle
Sewers, Sewage Treatment, Sludge_ Damage Without End
Steroid Hormone Runoff from Agricultural Test Plots Applied with Municipal Biosolids
Stuck in the mud - The Environmental Protection Agency must gather data on the toxicity of spreading sewage sludge
Survey of Organic Wastewater Contaminants in Biosolids Destined for Land Application
Tainted by Cleanser - Antimicrobial agent persists in sludge
The Dirty Work of Promoting “Recycling” of America’s Sewage Sludge
Toward a Consensus View on the Infectious Risks Associated with Land Application of Sewage Sludge
Toward Identifying the Next Generation of Superfund and Hazardous Waste Site Contaminants
Toxic metals in sewage sludge-amended soils - has promotion of beneficial use discounted the risks
Unexpected Role of Activated Carbon in Promoting Transformation of Secondary Amines to N-Nitrosamines
Uptake of carbamazepine by cucumber plants – A case study related to irrigation with reclaimed wastewater
Uptake of Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products by Soybean Plants from Soils Applied with Biosolids and Irrigated with Contaminated Water
Vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE) in Swedish sewage sludge
其它文献
这里列出的文章为非正式纸质科技出版物的科技评论或相关信息。
503 Biosolids Pathogens [BioVir Lab]
Biosolids Law 2011 – Challenges to Beneficial Use [November 10, 2011 Beveridge & Diamond at NEBRA Annual Meeting]
Biosolids Require Balanced Perspective [Herschel A. Elliott]
Case for Caution Revisited - Health and Environmental Impacts of Application of Sewage Sludges to Agricultural Land [Cornell]
Comments on 1996 Review of National Academy of Science [Cornell].doc
Considerations for Dairy Farms Regarding Use of Sewage Sludges, Sludge Products and Septage [Cornell]
Cornell Comments to US EPA regarding Dioxin Standards for Land Applied Sewage Sludges
Dumping Sewage Sludge On Organic Farms [EWG Policy Analysis]
Future of Biosolids [Dr Ian Pepper, AZ Water, May 2011]
Guidelines for Application of Sewage Biosolids to Agricultural Lands in the Northeastern U.S. [Cornell]]
Health Effects of Biosolids Applied to Land - Available Scientific Evidence [Epidemiologists' individual]
Land application of sewage sludges - an appraisal of the US regulations [Cornell]
Organic Contaminants from Sewage Sludge Applied to Agricultural Soils [Sweden]
Sewage Sludge Biosolids - A Health and Environmental Crisis and Scandal [Perelandra Health Watch]
