双语驿站|看看国外关于“垃圾分类”的那些事儿~
目前,我国许多城市包括北京、上海等都在推广垃圾分类。
前段时间由于上海严格的垃圾分类规则,“垃圾分类”甚至在社交媒体上成为了一个众所周知的“梗”。当然我们不能始终只把垃圾分类当作一个有趣的逸闻来听,毕竟在国外一些地区,垃圾分类的管理和理念早已非常成熟且深入人心,极大地改善了国家内的资源利用。垃圾分类这件事也已经成为许多国家居民生活中不可分割的一部分。
At present, many cities in China, including Beijing and Shanghai, are promoting garbage classification. While in some foreign regions, the management and concept of garbage classification have long been mature and deeply rooted in people's hearts.
先来看看袋鼠爸爸怎么说:
Aussie Dad talks about garbage sorting in Canberra
接下来,一起看看在不同大洲的国家的垃圾分类吧!
Next, let's take a look at garbage classification in different countries on different continents.
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垃圾分类在亚洲
韩国:垃圾“减肥”靠收费
South Korea: "Reducing weight" for garbage by charging fees
韩国厨余垃圾排放量非常大,每年处理厨余垃圾的花费高达8000亿韩元。韩国从2005年起实行厨余垃圾和一般垃圾分类处理。2010年,一些地方开始对食物垃圾按量收费。这些成本因素刺激了韩国人为垃圾“减肥”的积极性。
With a huge volume of kitchen waste disposal, South Korea spends KRW 800 billion a year on dealing with it. Since 2005, South Korea began to dispose kitchen waste and general waste separately, and started charging for food waste by volume in some places from 2010. These cost factors stimulated the enthusiasm of Koreans to "reduce weight" for garbage.
此外,韩国市政管理当局对扔垃圾的时间也有严格规定。若没有使用规定的袋子、或不按规定时间扔垃圾,居民将被处以100万韩元以下的罚款。
Besides, municipal administration authorities in South Korea have strict rules on the time to throw garbage, and residents will be fined up to KRW 1 million if they fail to use required bags or throw garbage in accordance with time rules.
日本:垃圾分类到极致
Japan: Classifying garbage to the extreme
日本不同街道和地区的垃圾分类规定不尽相同。如东京都涩谷区2013年起规定,垃圾分为四大类:可燃垃圾、不可燃垃圾、粗大垃圾、资源垃圾。每一类还会细分为若干子项目,比如:长度小于50厘米的树枝方可归为“可燃垃圾”。
The rules for garbage classification vary from street to street and region to region in Japan. For example, garbage in Shibuya District of Tokyo has been divided into four categories since 2013: combustible garbage, incombustible garbage, bulky garbage and resource garbage, each of which can also be subdivided into several sub-items. For instance, branches less than 50 centimeters in length can be classified as “combustible garbage”.
管理严格、细致,加之民众高度自觉,使日本垃圾分类领先世界。
Strict and meticulous management, as well as high public awareness, render Japan's garbage classification leading in the world.
图片来源:http://www.xiaoshou.info/
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垃圾分类在欧洲
德国:垃圾分类似科学实验
Germany: Garbage classification resembling scientific experiments
得益于如科学实验般精确的垃圾分类法,如今德国已废弃了垃圾填埋法,其垃圾回收利用率高达62%,在欧盟处于领先地位。
Benefiting from a garbage classification method as accurate as scientific experiments, Germany has abandoned landfill, resulting in a garbage recycling rate as high as 62%, which is leading in the EU.
按照相关法规,葡萄酒瓶要扔到特定垃圾桶中;啤酒瓶可送到指定地点回收;果汁瓶要当作塑料包装垃圾处理;带有回收标志的矿泉水瓶则属于可回收垃圾。
According to relevant laws and regulations, wine bottles must be thrown into specific trash cans; beer bottles can be sent to designated places for recycling; juice bottles are disposed as plastic packaging waste; and mineral water bottles with recycling labels are recyclable garbage.
德国的生活垃圾可分为四类:日常生活类垃圾、塑料包装类垃圾、纸类垃圾、生物垃圾。但实际操作中并不是一分为四那么简单。比如,玻璃瓶和电子类垃圾需要单独处理;纸巾属于生物类垃圾而非纸类;摔碎的镜子和红酒瓶不属于同一种类;灯泡、酒杯、茶杯和玻璃瓶子不能扔到同一个垃圾桶。
Household waste in Germany can be classified into four categories: daily life waste, plastic packaging waste, paper waste and biological waste. But in practice, it's not that simple. For example, glass bottles and electronic waste need to be disposed separately; paper towels are biological waste, not paper waste; broken mirrors and wine bottles do not belong to the same category; light bulbs, wine glasses, teacups and glass bottles cannot be thrown into the same dustbin.
瑞士:严格分类是前提
Switzerland: Strict classification is the prerequisite
瑞士是垃圾分类回收、综合处理、循环利用做得最好的国家之一首先,严格分类是瑞士垃圾处理的最主要特征。
Switzerland is one of the countries doing best in garbage classification, comprehensive treatment and recycling. First of all, strict classification is the main characteristics of garbage disposal in Switzerland.
据瑞士联邦官方有关部门的规定,垃圾共分为8大类、103种。8大类分别是化学垃圾、医用垃圾、金属垃圾、矿物垃圾、建筑-机器-汽车及附加品垃圾、动植物垃圾、残留物垃圾(如污水污泥)以及城乡分类生活垃圾。最后一类生活垃圾共16种,每一种都有不同的回收处理要求和方式。在瑞士生活,以下几类垃圾一定要区分处理:纸壳、纸板、报纸、杂志是一类,塑料制品(包括饮料瓶,有的还要按颜色区分)是一类,玻璃制品是一类,还有其他可回收垃圾。去年开始,政府要求居民把厨余垃圾单独清理,使用专门购买的可回收垃圾袋,扔入专门的绿色垃圾箱。以上这几种垃圾,一般在居民区或附近都能扔掉。电池等电子垃圾,要去集中处理的专门地点去扔。大型的金属垃圾(废旧家具、家用电器、衣物等等,则需要请专人清理)。
According to the regulations by relevant departments of Swiss federal authorities, there are 103 kinds of garbage in 8 major categories: chemical waste, medical waste, metal waste, mineral waste, construction-machine-automobile and additional product waste, animal and plant waste, residual waste (such as sewage sludge) as well as urban and rural household waste, the last of which includes 16 kinds, each with different recycling requirements and methods. Living in Switzerland, it is important to distinguish the following kinds of waste: paper, cardboard, newspapers and magazines belonging to the same category; plastic products (including drink bottles and sometimes classified by color); glass products; and other recyclable waste. Since last year, the government has required residents to clean up their kitchen waste separately using specially purchased recyclable bags and throwing into special green bins. The above kinds of garbage can generally be disposed in residential areas or nearby. Batteries and other electronic waste should be disposed in special places. Large metal garbage, used furniture, household appliances, and clothing need to be cleaned up by special personnel.
来源:http://www.sucaidao.com/view-1-872283.html
03
垃圾分类在美洲
墨西哥:收编拾荒者
Mexico: Incorporating scavengers
墨西哥城日产垃圾1.27万吨,这对城市垃圾处理能力提出了挑战。一方面,墨西哥正努力提高垃圾回收转化率,以尽早结束填埋处理垃圾的做法;另一方面,垃圾分类后如何解决拾荒者的生计也十分重要。
Mexico City produces 12,700 tons of waste every day, which greatly challenges the city's capacity of garbage disposal. On the one hand, Mexico has been committed to improving the garbage recycling rates to terminate the landfill method as soon as possible; on the other hand, how to solve the livelihood problems of scavengers is very important.
鉴于墨西哥城有众多靠回收垃圾为生者,目前政府推动垃圾分类时,也将这些人编入垃圾回收体系。通过相关措施,每天可再利用垃圾约3000吨。目前,墨西哥已利用垃圾生产出电能和天然气等能源,还生产出了水泥等建筑材料。
Given a large number of people making a living by garbage collection in Mexico City, the government has been incorporating these people into the garbage recycling system when promoting garbage classification. Through relevant measures, about 3,000 tons of garbage can be reused every day.
So far, Mexico has already made use of its garbage to produce energy sources such as electricity and natural gas, as well as building materials like cement.
美国:曾是“后进生” “3R”原则得拯救
United States: The former "underachiever" saved by "3Rs" principle
在垃圾焚烧问题上,也有走得不太顺利的国家,比如美国。
There are also countries not doing well in terms of garbage incineration, such as the United States.
1885年,纽约建起了美国第一座垃圾焚烧炉。在之后的25年内,全美垃圾焚烧炉达到200座之多,1940年达到700座。焚烧炉给美国带来了严重的空气污染,1970年4月22日,2000万美国人走上街头抗议环境污染,这一天此后成为著名的“地球日”。
In 1885, the first garbage incinerator was built in New York. Over the next 25 years, there were 200 incinerators in the United States and the number reached 700 in 1940. Incinerators caused heavy air pollution to the US, resulting in 20 million Americans protesting the environmental pollution on the streets on April 22, 1970, which later became known as the Earth Day.
不过目前,“3R”原则“拯救”了美国。所谓3R就是减少(Reduce)、再利用(Reuse)和回收(Recycle)。
But for now, the "3Rs" principle has "saved" the US, which refers to Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle.
在美国,还有很多垃圾不能随意丢弃。例如要扔旧家具,至少提前一天与指定收取机构电话预约回收日期。要扔电子产品,需送到专门回收中心,或预约专人上门回收。
In the United States, there is still a lot of garbage that cannot be disposed randomly. For example, if you want to throw away some old furniture, call designated collection agencies at least one day in advance. As for electronic products, send them to special recycling centers or make an appointment with special personnel to pick them up at your home.
内容来源:eBeijing